Alzheimer's disease - Causes (2024)

Alzheimer's disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells.

One of the proteins involved is called amyloid, deposits of which form plaques around brain cells.

The other protein is called tau, deposits of which form tangles within brain cells.

Although it's not known exactly what causes this process to begin, scientists now know that it begins many years before symptoms appear.

As brain cells become affected, there's also a decrease in chemical messengers (called neurotransmitters) involved in sending messages, or signals, between brain cells.

Levels of one neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, are particularly low in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease.

Over time, different areas of the brain shrink. The first areas usually affected are responsible for memories.

In more unusual forms of Alzheimer's disease, different areas of the brain are affected.

The first symptoms may be problems with vision or language rather than memory.

Increased risk

Although it's still unknown what triggersAlzheimer's disease,several factors are known to increase your risk of developing the condition.

Age

Age is the single most significant factor. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease doubles every 5 years after you reach 65.

But it's not just older people who are at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Around1 in20people with the condition are under 65.

This is called early- or young-onset Alzheimer's disease andit can affect people from around the age of 40.

Family history

The genes you inherit fromyour parents can contribute to your risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, although the actual increase in risk is small.

But in a few families, Alzheimer's disease is caused by the inheritance of a single gene and the risks of the conditionbeing passed on are much higher.

If several of your family members have developed dementia over the generations, and particularly at a young age, you may want to seek genetic counsellingfor information and advice about your chances of developing Alzheimer's disease when you're older.

The Alzheimer'sSociety website has more information about the genetics of dementia.

Down's syndrome

People withDown's syndrome are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

This is because the genetic changes that cause Down's syndrome can also cause amyloid plaques to build up in the brain over time, which can lead to Alzheimer's disease in some people.

The Down’s Syndrome Association has more information about Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease on downs-syndrome.org.uk

Head injuries

People who have had a severe head injury may be at higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, but much research is still needed in this area.

Cardiovascular disease

Research shows that several lifestyle factors and conditions associated withcardiovascular disease can increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

These include:

• smoking
• obesity
• diabetes
• high blood pressure
• high cholesterol

You can help reduce your risk by:

• stopping smoking
• eating a healthy, balanced diet
• leading an active life, both physically and mentally
• losing weight if you need to
• drinking less alcohol
• havingregular health checks as you get older

Other risk factors

In addition, the latest research suggests that other factors are also important, although this does not mean these factors are directly responsible for causing dementia.

These include:

• hearing loss
• untreated depression (though depression can also be one of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease)
• loneliness or social isolation
• a sedentary lifestyle

Read more about reducing your risk of Alzheimer's disease.