Hair Color | AncestryDNA® Traits Learning Hub (2024)

Human hair comes in a wide range of colors. Though your natural hair color is largely determined by genetics, your hair color doesn’t always match exactly what your genes suggest.

An AncestryDNA® + Traits test can tell you if you’ve got some of the DNA for darker or lighter hair, based on six genetic markers—three markers associated with lighter or darker hair and three markers associated with red hair color.

Hair Color | AncestryDNA® Traits Learning Hub (1)

Melanin and Hair Color

The same pigment that contributes to your eye color and skin color is involved in your hair color. It’s called melanin. And your hair has two types of melanin in it: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin comes in black and brown. And pheomelanin is a spectrum of pinkish-red to orange and yellow.

If you have dark hair—brunette or black hair—the eumelanin (the black and brown pigment) in your hair is high—and the pheomelanin in your hair is low. If you're blonde, you have low amounts of both pigments. And if you have red or auburn hair, you have low eumelanin levels and lots of pheomelanin (the pigment that ranges from pinkish-red to orange and yellow).

Hair Color Genetics

While dark-haired parents tend to have dark-haired kids, hair color genetics is quite complex. Your hair color depends in part on how many genetic variants you inherit from both of your parents.

If you have brown hair, your shade of brown depends on how many light and dark markers you inherit from your mom and dad. If you have really blonde hair, you have lots of light markers—and you'll likely pass these on to your kids. But you could also end up with a different hair color than both of your biological parents.

Environmental factors like sunlight and age can also influence your hair color. For example, one theory of why hair color changes with age—becoming gray hair—is that hair follicles eventually produce less melanin.

Science of Hair Color

Scientists have identified many of the genetic markers involved in hair color. But it's not always possible to tell how these genes will interact to produce your unique hue.

And they are almost certainly not the only DNA markers you’ve inherited that are involved in determining hair color.

AncestryDNA looks at six well-studied genetic markers. Blonde or light hair is associated with three markers: one each in the KITLG, OCA2, and SLC24A4 genes.

Some people only have test results linked to either dark or light hair color. Others have a combination. But if you have more markers for light hair than dark hair, it's more likely that you have lighter hair.

Hair Color Fun Facts

Red hair color is the most rare color on any natural hair colors list. Scientists estimate that less than 2% of people across the world are redheads.

Blonde hair is another relatively rare hair color. It was once largely associated only with European heritage. But scientists discovered a mutation in the dark-skinned indigenous people of the Solomon Islands that causes blonde hair in about 10% of the population.

And it turns out the genes involved in their blonde hair are different from the genes involved in Europeans’ blonde hair. So blonde hair evolved independently in both populations, thousands of miles apart.

References

Barnes, Hannah. "How many redheads are there in the world?" BBC News. October 2, 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24331615.

Box, Neil F., Jason R. Wyeth, et al. "Characterization of Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Receptor Variant Alleles in Twins with Red Hair." Human Molecular Genetics. October 1997. https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/6/11/1891/686680.

Han, Jiali, Peter Kraft, et al. "A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Alleles Associated with Hair Color and Skin Pigmentation." PLoS Genetics. May 16, 2008. https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000074.

Lallanilla, Marc. "Are You Carrying the Redhead Gene?" LiveScience. January 28, 2013. https://www.livescience.com/26633-redhead-dna-gene.html.

Porretto, Denise. "Genetics and Your Baby." Parents. October 3, 2001. http://www.parents.com/getting-pregnant/genetics/genetics-and-your-baby.

Starr, D. Barry. "Ask a Geneticist: Hair Color." Stanford at The Tech Museum. December 19, 2007. http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask245.

Sulem, Patrick, Daniel F. Gudbjartsson, Simon N. Stacey, et al. "Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans." Nature Genetics. October 21, 2007. https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.2007.13.

Valverde, Paloma, Eugene Healy, et al. "Variants of the Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone Receptor Gene Are Associated with Red Hair and Fair Skin in Humans." Nature Genetics. November 1, 1995. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7581459/.

Hair Color | AncestryDNA® Traits Learning Hub (2024)

FAQs

Hair Color | AncestryDNA® Traits Learning Hub? ›

An AncestryDNA ® + Traits test can tell you if you've got some of the DNA for darker or lighter hair, based on six genetic markers—three markers associated with lighter or darker hair and three markers associated with red hair color.

What traits determine hair color? ›

Hair color is determined by the amount of a pigment called melanin in hair. An abundance of one type of melanin, called eumelanin, gives people black or brown hair. An abundance of another pigment, called pheomelanin, gives people red hair.

What is the rarest hair color? ›

Natural red hair is the rarest hair color in the world. A mere one to two percent of people are born with auburn hair. The prevalence is slightly higher in the northern and western fringes of Europe, especially the British Isles (mainly Ireland and Scotland), than in the rest of the world.

Do you inherit hair color from mom or dad? ›

Everyone has a pair of copies of each of their mother's and father's genes; one copy from their mother and one from their father. If the genes that relate to hair colour are both the same; for example, they both point to having brown hair, your hair will most likely be brown.

What hair color trait is more dominant? ›

What color hair is dominant? In general, darker hair colors, such as black and brown, are dominant. This means that these hair colors are more likely to appear in individuals if one of the parents has dark hair. However, the inheritance of hair color can be quite complex due to the involvement of multiple genes.

Can two brown-haired parents have a blonde child? ›

If two brunette parents both have a recessive blonde gene, there's a 25% chance they'll each pass down their recessive gene, resulting in a blonde child.

Is blonde hair a dominant or recessive trait? ›

The Melanocortin 1 receptor gene is known to affect human hair colour, and alleles on that gene associated with blond hair are generally recessive to alleles associated with darker hair colours.

Which hair color is most attractive? ›

Most women think brunette hair is the sexiest, as 25% of those polled favoured this option. Womens' second preference is blonde, which was voted as the sexiest hair colour by 19.6% of women. Again, red took third spot, accounting for 11.8% of womens' votes.

What is the rarest hair and eye color combination? ›

According to an article by evolutionary biology professor Mark Elgar, PhD, of the University of Melbourne, blue-eyed redheads are the absolute rarest, with 0.17% of the population having that combination of hair and eye color. So if that describes you, you're most likely one in a million—or more!

What is the prettiest hair and eye color combination? ›

Brown hair and light hazel eyes

A darker hair colour makes the eyes look bold and bright. A deep brown hair colour brings out the green and gold flecks in hazel eyes, creating a stunning combination. It is considered by many to be the best hair and eye colour combination.

Which parent determines height? ›

How to predict how tall a child will be. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, people may wish to try the following formula for predicting how tall a child will be: Measure the height of both biological parents. For male children, add 5 inches (in) to the father's height, add the mother's height, then divide by 2.

Does hair color skip a generation? ›

Recessive traits like red hair can skip generations because they can hide out in a carrier behind a dominant trait. The recessive trait needs another carrier and a bit of luck to be seen. This means that it can sometimes take a few generations to finally make its presence known.

What ancestry does red hair come from? ›

The term "redhead" has been in use since at least 1510, while the term "ginger" is sometimes used, especially in Britain and Ireland, to describe a person with red hair. The origin of red hair can be traced to Central Asia, caused by a mutation in the MC1R gene.

What hair color is most damaging? ›

Permanent hair color has the greatest potential for hair damage due to the chemistry involved and should be done most cautiously. Ammonia and hydrogen peroxide combine to open up the hair's cuticle to reach the internal structure and make a color change.

What hair color gets tipped the most? ›

Waitresses in several restaurants were instructed to wear blond, red, brown or dark colored wigs. The effect of hair color on tipping according to patron's gender was measured. It was found that waitresses wearing blond wigs received more tips but only with male's patrons.

What is the most dominant eye color? ›

The allele genes come in the form of brown, blue, or green, with brown being dominant, followed by green, and blue being the least dominant or what is called recessive.

What are the three factors that determine hair color? ›

Hairs are not uniformly pigmented, and the distribution of pigment granules will vary between people and even between hair strands from the same person. The overall color observed is a combination of the melanosomes, cortical fusi, medulla, and cuticular surface [101].

What determines your physical traits such as hair color? ›

Differences in skin and hair color are principally genetically determined and are due to variation in the amount, type, and packaging of melanin polymers produced by melanocytes secreted into keratinocytes. Pigmentary phenotype is genetically complex and at a physiological level complicated.

What information determines a trait such as hair color? ›

Genes that are passed on to you determine many of your traits, such as your hair color and skin color. Maybe Emma's mother has one gene for brown hair and one for red hair, and she passed the red hair gene on to Emma. If her father has two genes for red hair, that could explain her red hair.

What is your personality based on your hair color? ›

People with brown hair are often perceived as being practical, trustworthy, and stable, people with black hair are seen as confident, powerful, and sophisticated, while those with red hair are unique, adventurous, and passionate., and people with blonde hair are often perceived as friendly, outgoing, and carefree.

References

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