What are the symptoms of a hangover?
Symptoms of a hangover may include:
- Depression,anxietyor irritability.
- Disturbed sleep.
- Dizziness andvertigo(a sensation of moving when you’re not).
- Fatigue and weakness.
- Headache, red eyes and sensitivity to light and sound.
- Increased blood pressure.
- Rapid heartbeat.
- Muscle aches and weakness.
- Nausea, vomitingandstomach pain.
- Excessive sweating (diaphoresis).
- Extreme thirst (polydipsia).
- Essential tremor (shaking).
You’re also more likely to have memory, concentration and coordination issues when you have a hangover. In general, the severity of your symptoms depends on how much you drank and for how long. But your health and other factors also play a role. Some people get a hangover after even one drink. Other people who drink heavily don’t get symptoms.
Advertisem*nt
What causes a hangover?
Alcohol causes hangovers — but it’s not simple. Drinking affects your body in several ways:
Direct effects of alcohol
- Dehydration:Alcohol is a diuretic. It causes you to pee more, so you lose a lot of fluid. (You can lose up to a quart of urine in the hours after having four drinks.) Alcohol also reduces the release of the hormone vasopressin. This hormone balances your body’s fluids.Dehydrationcauses thirst,fatigueandheadaches.
- Electrolyte imbalances:Your body needs certain chemicals, called electrolytes, to perform at its best. Peeing a lot throws your electrolytes out of balance.
- Gastrointestinal diseases:Alcohol irritates the lining of your stomach and intestines. It slows the rate ofdigestion, increasing fatty substances in your liver, stomach and pancreas secretions. All these processes lead to an upset stomach and nausea.
- Inflammation:Alcohol increases inflammation throughout your body. It can contribute to the general unwell feeling of a hangover.
- Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia):This effect usually happens in people who havealcohol use disorder. They may binge drink and fail to eat properly over a few days. As your body processes alcohol, it produces lactic acid. Lactic acid reduces blood sugar production, resulting in fatigue, sweating, hunger and shakiness.
- Disruption of sleep and other processes:While alcohol is a sedative and can promote sleep, hangover symptoms usually interfere with sleep. You may haveinsomniaas your blood alcohol levels get lower, so you feel fatigued. Alcohol also makes it difficult for your body to regulate its temperature and interferes with hormone production.
Effects of alcohol withdrawal
A hangover is a milder form of alcohol withdrawal. Both have similar effects and symptoms. Drinking helps you feel calm, relaxed and even happy. Your nervous system adjusts to these effects. But when the alcohol wears off, your nervous system must readjust. You may end up feeling more restless, anxious and irritable than before you drank.
Effects of alcohol metabolites
When your body processes alcohol, one of the byproducts is acetaldehyde. This substance can cause a fast pulse, sweating and nausea. In most people, the body breaks down acetaldehyde before it causes problems. But it can cause inflammation in organs, leading to uncomfortable symptoms.
If you havealcohol intolerance, you may have a genetic inability to process the acetaldehyde fast enough. You may feel drunk after drinking even a small amount of alcohol.
Effects of factors other than alcohol:
- Congeners:These compounds contribute to how alcohol tastes, smells and looks. Researchers think they also contribute to the intoxicating effects of alcohol and a hangover’s severity.
- Using other drugs:Cigarettes,marijuana,cocaineand other drugs also produce intoxicating effects. Using them while consuming alcohol can make a hangover worse.
- Personal differences:Researchers found that feeling neurotic, angry, defensive or guilty over drinking can increase the hangover risk. If you have a family history of alcohol use disorder or are at high risk of developing it, you may also get more hangovers.
How much alcohol does it take to get a hangover?
Having more than one drink per hour can cause a hangover. Your body needs about an hour to metabolize (process) one drink. Below are some examples:
- One 12-ounce can of regular or light beer (5% alcohol).
- A half pint (8 to 9 ounces) of malt liquor or many types of craft beers (7% alcohol).
- One 5-ounce glass of table wine (12% alcohol).
- One shot (1.5 ounces) of liquor (40% alcohol).